"Assisting You in Establishing Data Driven Brands"

Leather Goods Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Source (Full Grain Leather and Synthetic Leather), By Product (Apparel, Luggage, Footwear, and Others), By End-user (Men, Women, and Kids), and Regional Forecast, 2023-2030

Last Updated: November 04, 2024 | Format: PDF | Report ID: FBI104405

 

  1. Introduction
    1. Research Scope
    2. Market Segmentation
    3. Research Methodology
    4. Definitions and Assumptions
  2. Executive Summary
  3. Market Dynamics
    1. Market Drivers
    2. Market Restraints
    3. Market Opportunities
    4. Market Trends
  4. Key Insights
    1. Overview of the Parent/Related Markets
    2. Regulatory Landscape
    3. Industry SWOT Analysis
    4. Recent Industry Developments - Policies, Partnerships, New Product  Launches, and Mergers & Acquisitions
    5. Impact of COVID on Supply Chain of the Leather Goods Market
      1. Impact of COVID-19
      2. Supply Chain Challenges
      3. Potential Opportunities due to COVID-19
  5. Global Leather Goods Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019 – 2030
    1. Key Findings / Summary
    2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast 
      1. By Source
        1. Full Grain Leather
        2. Synthetic Leather
      2. By Product
        1. Apparel
        2. Luggage
        3. Footwear
        4. Others
      3. By End User
        1. Men
        2. Women
        3. Kids
      4. By Region
        1. North America
        2. Europe
        3. Asia Pacific
        4. South America
        5. Middle East & Africa
  6. North America Leather Goods Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019 – 2030
    1. Key Findings / Summary
    2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast 
      1. By Source (Value)
        1. Full Grain Leather
        2. Synthetic Leather
      2. By Product (Value)
        1. Apparel
        2. Luggage
        3. Footwear
        4. Others
      3. By End User (Value)
        1. Men
        2. Women
        3. Kids
      4. By Country (Value)
        1. U.S
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        2. Canada
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        3. Mexico
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
  7. Europe Leather Goods Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019 – 2030
    1. Key Findings / Summary
    2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast 
      1. By Source (Value)
        1. Full Grain Leather
        2. Synthetic Leather
      2. By Product (Value)
        1. Apparel
        2. Luggage
        3. Footwear
        4. Others
      3. By End User (Value)
        1. Men
        2. Women
        3. Kids
      4. By Country (Value)
        1. U.K.
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        2. France
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        3. Germany
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
        4. Italy
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        5. Spain
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        6. Rest of Europe
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
  8. Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019 – 2030
    1. Key Findings / Summary
    2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast 
      1. By Source (Value)
        1. Full Grain Leather
        2. Synthetic Leather
      2. By Product (Value)
        1. Apparel
        2. Luggage
        3. Footwear
        4. Others
      3. By End User (Value)
        1. Men
        2. Women
        3. Kids
      4. By Country (Value)
        1. China
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        2. Japan
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        3. India
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        4. Australia
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        5. Rest of Asia Pacific
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
  9. South America Leather Goods Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019 – 2030
    1. Key Findings / Summary
    2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast 
      1. By Source (Value)
        1. Full Grain Leather
        2. Synthetic Leather
      2. By Product (Value)
        1. Apparel
        2. Luggage
        3. Footwear
        4. Others
      3. By End User (Value)
        1. Men
        2. Women
        3. Kids
      4. By Country (Value)
        1. Brazil
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        2. Argentina
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        3. Rest of South America
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
  10. Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019 – 2030
    1. Key Findings / Summary
    2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast 
      1. By Source (Value)
        1. Full Grain Leather
        2. Synthetic Leather
      2. By Product (Value)
        1. Apparel
        2. Luggage
        3. Footwear
        4. Others
      3. By End User (Value)
        1. Men
        2. Women
        3. Kids
      4. By Country (Value)
        1. South Africa
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        2. UAE
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
        3. Rest of Middle East & Africa
          1. By Source (Value)
            1. Full Grain Leather
            2. Synthetic Leather
  11. Competitive Matrix
    1. Business Strategies Adopted by Leading Players
    2. Global Leather Goods Market Revenue Share/Ranking Analysis, By Key Manufacturer
  12. Company Profiles
    1. Hermes International
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    2. LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    3. Kering
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    4. Prada
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    5. Capri Holdings
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    6. Vf Corporation
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    7. Kuraray Co., Ltd.
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    8. H.R. Polycoats Pvt. Ltd
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    9. Adriano Di Marti
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
    10. Broke Mate
      1. Overview
      2. Description
      3. Product Portfolio
      4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
      5. Recent Developments
  13. Strategic Recommendations
  14. Appendix
Read Less

Figure 1: Global Leather Goods Market Revenue Breakdown (USD Billion, %) by Region, 2022 & 2030

Figure 2: Global Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 3: Global Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 4: Global Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Product, 2022 & 2030

Figure 5: Global Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Product, 2022

Figure 6: Global Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by End User, 2022 & 2030

Figure 7: Global Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by End User, 2022

Figure 8: Global Leather Goods Market Value Share (USD Mn), by Region, 2022 & 2030

Figure 9: Global Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Region, 2022

Figure 10: North America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 11: North America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 12: North America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Product, 2022 & 2030

Figure 13: North America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Product, 2022

Figure 14: North America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by End User, 2022 & 2030

Figure 15: North America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by End User, 2022

Figure 16: North America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Country, 2022 & 2030

Figure 17: North America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2022

Figure 18: U.S. Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 19: U.S. Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 20: Canada Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 21: Canada Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 22: Mexico Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 23: Mexico Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 24: Europe Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 25: Europe Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 26: Europe Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Product, 2022 & 2030

Figure 27: Europe Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Product, 2022

Figure 28: Europe Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by End User, 2022 & 2030

Figure 29: Europe Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by End User, 2022

Figure 30: Europe Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Country, 2022 & 2030

Figure 31: Europe Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2022

Figure 32: Germany Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 33: Germany Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 34: France Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 35: France Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 36: Italy  Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 37: Italy Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 38: Spain Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 39: Spain Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 40: U.K. Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 41: U.K. Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 42: Rest of Europe Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 43: Rest of Europe Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 44: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 45: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 46: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Product, 2022 & 2030

Figure 47: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Product, 2022

Figure 48: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by End User, 2022 & 2030

Figure 49: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by End User, 2022

Figure 50: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Country, 2022 & 2030

Figure 51: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2022

Figure 52: China Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 53: China Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 54: India Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 55: India Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 56: Japan Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 57: Japan Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 58: Australia Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 59: Australia Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 60: Rest of Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 61: Rest of Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 62: South America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 63: South America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 64: South America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Product, 2022 & 2030

Figure 65: South America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Product, 2022

Figure 66: South America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by End User, 2022 & 2030

Figure 67: South America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by End User, 2022

Figure 68: South America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Country, 2022 & 2030

Figure 69: South America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2022

Figure 70: Brazil Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 71: Brazil Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 72: Argentina  Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 73: Argentina Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 74: Rest of South America Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 75: Rest of South America Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 76: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 77: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 78: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Product, 2022 & 2030

Figure 79: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Product, 2022

Figure 80: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by End User, 2022 & 2030

Figure 81: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by End User, 2022

Figure 82: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Country, 2022 & 2030

Figure 83: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2022

Figure 84: South Africa Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 85: South Africa Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 86: UAE Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 87: UAE Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Figure 88: Rest of Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value (USD Billion), by Source, 2022 & 2030

Figure 89: Rest of Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Value Share (%), by Source, 2022

Table 1: Global Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 2: Global Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product, 2019–2030

Table 3: Global Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By End User, 2019–2030

Table 4: Global Leather Goods Market, Sales (USD Mn), by Region, 2019–2030

Table 5: North America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 6: North America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product, 2019–2030

Table 7: North America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By End User, 2019–2030

Table 8: North America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Country, 2019–2030

Table 9: U.S. Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 10: Canada Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 11: Mexico Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 12: Europe Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 13: Europe Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product, 2019–2030

Table 14: Europe Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By End User, 2019–2030

Table 15: Europe Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Country, 2019–2030

Table 16: Germany Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 17: France Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 18: Italy Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 19: Spain Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 20: U.K. Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 21: Rest of Europe Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 22: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 23: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product, 2019–2030

Table 24: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By End User, 2019-2030

Table 25: Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Country, 2019–2030

Table 26: China Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 27: India Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 28: Japan Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 29: Australia Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 30: Rest of Asia Pacific Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019-2030

Table 31: South America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 32: South America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product, 2019–2030

Table 33: South America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By End User, 2019-2030

Table 34: South America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Country, 2019–2030

Table 35: Brazil Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 36: Argentina Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 37: Rest of South America Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019-2030SS

Table 38: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019-2030

Table 39: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product, 2019–2030

Table 40: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By End User,

Table 41: Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Country, 2019–2030

Table 42: South Africa Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 43: UAE Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source, 2019–2030

Table 44: Rest of Middle East & Africa Leather Goods Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Source,

Table 45: Company Ranking Analysis, 2022

  • 2019-2030
  • 2022
  • 2019-2021
  • 227

Consumer Goods Clients

Asahi
Edenred
Facebook
Health Canada
Oecc
Radico
SPG
Wepa
Client Testimonials

“We are quite happy with the methodology you outlined. We really appreciate the time your team has spent on this project, and the efforts of your team to answer our questions.”

- One of the largest & renowned medical research centers based in the U.S. on a report on the U.S. NIPT Market.

“Thanks a million. The report looks great!”

- Feedback from a consultant on a report on the U.S. Beef Market.

“Thanks for the excellent report and the insights regarding the lactose market.”

- Brazil based company specializing in production of protein ingredients.

“I liked the report; would it be possible to send me the PPT version as I want to use a few slides in an internal presentation that I am preparing.”

- Global Digital Services Agency on a report on the Global Luxury Goods Market.

“This report is really well done and we really appreciate it! Again, I may have questions as we dig in deeper. Thanks again for some really good work.”

- U.S.-based biotechnology company focussing on treatment of chronic pain.

“Kudos to your team. Thank you very much for your support and agility to answer our questions.”

- Europe-based provider of solutions to automate data centre operations.

“We appreciate you and your team taking out time to share the report and data file with us, and we are grateful for the flexibility provided to modify the document as per request. This does help us in our business decision making. We would be pleased to work with you again, and hope to continue our business relationship long into the future.”

- India-based manufacturer of industrial and specialty intermediates with a strong global presence.

“I want to first congratulate you on the great work done on the Medical Platforms project. Thank you so much for all your efforts.”

- One of the largest cosmetics company in the world.

“Thank you very much. I really appreciate the work your team has done. I feel very comfortable recommending your services to some of the other startups that I’m working with, and will likely establish a good long partnership with you.”

- U.S. based startup operating in the cultivated meat market.

“We received the below report on the U.S. market from you. We were very satisfied with the report.”

- Global hearing aids manufacturer.

“I just finished my first pass-through of the report. Great work! Thank you!”

- U.S. based solar racking solutions provider.

“Thanks again for the great work on our last partnership. We are ramping up a new project to understand the imaging and imaging service and distribution market in the U.S.”

- World’s leading advisory firm.

“We feel positive about the results. Based on the presented results, we will do strategic review of this new information and might commission a detailed study on some of the modules included in the report after end of the year. Overall we are very satisfied and please pass on the praise to the team. Thank you for the co-operation!”

- Germany based machine construction company.

“Thank you very much for the very good report. I have another requirement on cutting tools, paper crafts and decorative items.”

- Japanese manufacturing company of stationery products.

“We are happy with the professionalism of your in-house research team as well as the quality of your research reports. Looking forward to work together on similar projects”

- One of the Leading Food Companies in Germany

“We appreciate the teamwork and efficiency for such an exhaustive and comprehensive report. The data offered to us was exactly what we were looking for. Thank you!”

- Intuitive Surgical

“I recommend Fortune Business Insights for their honesty and flexibility. Not only that they were very responsive and dealt with all my questions very quickly but they also responded honestly and flexibly to the detailed requests from us in preparing the research report. We value them as a research company worthy of building long-term relationships.”

- Major Food Company in Japan

“Well done Fortune Business Insights! The report covered all the points and was very detailed. Looking forward to work together in the future”

- Ziering Medical

“It has been a delightful experience working with you guys. Thank you Fortune Business Insights for your efforts and prompt response”

- Major Manufacturer of Precision Machine Parts in India

“I had a great experience working with Fortune Business Insights. The report was very accurate and as per my requirements. Very satisfied with the overall report as it has helped me to build strategies for my business”

- Hewlett-Packard

“This is regarding the recent report I bought from Fortune Business insights. Remarkable job and great efforts by your research team. I would also like to thank the back end team for offering a continuous support and stitching together a report that is so comprehensive and exhaustive”

- Global Management Consulting Firm

“Please pass on our sincere thanks to the whole team at Fortune Business Insights. This is a very good piece of work and will be very helpful to us going forward. We know where we will be getting business intelligence from in the future.”

- UK-based Start-up in the Medical Devices Sector

“Thank you for sending the market report and data. It looks quite comprehensive and the data is exactly what I was looking for. I appreciate the timeliness and responsiveness of you and your team.”

- One of the Largest Companies in the Defence Industry
We use cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . Privacy.
X